Instructions
For each question, read the given statements carefully and choose the correct option.
(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.
(B) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect.
(C) Statement I is correct, but Statement II is incorrect.
(D) Statement I is incorrect, but Statement II is correct.
Topic 1: What Is Development?
Q1.
Statement I: Development refers only to an increase in the income of an individual.
Statement II: Development can include improvements in education, health, security and other aspects of life.
Q2.
Statement I: The meaning of development can differ from person to person.
Statement II: People may have different needs, circumstances and aspirations.
Q3.
Statement I: Income is completely irrelevant when discussing development.
Statement II: Higher income can increase a person’s ability to obtain goods and services.
Q4.
Statement I: Development is a multidimensional concept.
Statement II: A person’s well-being can be influenced by economic as well as social and other factors.
Q5.
Statement I: A rise in income always guarantees an improvement in every aspect of a person’s life.
Statement II: Income is one important factor, but it does not capture every dimension of well-being.
Topic 2: Different People, Different Development Goals
Q6.
Statement I: Different people can have different ideas about what constitutes development.
Statement II: Their development goals may depend on their individual circumstances and priorities.
Q7.
Statement I: A farmer may consider regular irrigation an important development goal.
Statement II: Irrigation can affect agricultural production and the farmer’s livelihood.
Q8.
Statement I: A student may consider access to quality education an important development goal.
Statement II: Education can influence a person’s knowledge, skills and future opportunities.
Q9.
Statement I: Every person must have exactly the same development goals.
Statement II: People living in different circumstances may attach importance to different things.
Q10.
Statement I: Development goals are influenced only by a person’s level of income.
Statement II: Security, freedom, respect and working conditions can also influence people’s development goals.
Topic 3: Conflicting Development Goals
Q11.
Statement I: A development project may benefit one group while creating difficulties for another group.
Statement II: The costs and benefits of development are not necessarily distributed equally.
Q12.
Statement I: A dam may provide irrigation and electricity while also causing displacement.
Statement II: Different groups can experience the same development project differently.
Q13.
Statement I: Conflicting development goals are possible when the interests of different groups do not coincide.
Statement II: What benefits one group may sometimes impose costs on another group.
Q14.
Statement I: Once a project increases total production, there can be no genuine conflict over its development benefits.
Statement II: Total economic gains do not necessarily mean that every affected person benefits.
Q15.
Statement I: Development decisions may involve choices and trade-offs.
Statement II: Every development decision produces identical benefits for all sections of society.
Topic 4: Income and Other Goals
Q16.
Statement I: Income is an important material goal for many people.
Statement II: Income increases people’s ability to buy goods and services.
Q17.
Statement I: People may seek security and respect even when their income is satisfactory.
Statement II: Non-material aspects of life can also affect people’s well-being.
Q18.
Statement I: Two people with the same income must have identical levels of well-being.
Statement II: Their access to healthcare, education, security and other facilities may differ.
Q19.
Statement I: Freedom and dignity can be considered development goals.
Statement II: Development goals are limited only to material possessions.
Q20.
Statement I: Development goals may contain both material and non-material elements.
Statement II: People may value income as well as dignity, security and freedom.
Topic 5: National Development
Q21.
Statement I: National development cannot be judged solely by changes in national income.
Statement II: The development of a country also concerns the well-being and opportunities of its people.
Q22.
Statement I: A rise in national income automatically means that every citizen has achieved all their development goals.
Statement II: Different sections of society can have different development priorities.
Q23.
Statement I: National development requires consideration of the interests of different groups.
Statement II: Development policies can affect different groups in different ways.
Q24.
Statement I: Economic progress and improvement in people’s well-being always occur at exactly the same rate.
Statement II: Economic progress does not automatically guarantee equal improvement in every aspect of people’s lives.
Q25.
Statement I: National development involves more than increasing the country’s income.
Statement II: Health, education, opportunities and living conditions can also be important aspects of development.
Topic 6: Comparing Different Countries or States
Q26.
Statement I: Total income alone may not be sufficient for comparing the economic condition of different states.
Statement II: States can have very different population sizes.
Q27.
Statement I: A state with a higher total income must always have a higher average income.
Statement II: Average income depends on both total income and population.
Q28.
Statement I: A common indicator helps make comparisons between states more meaningful.
Statement II: States differ in population size and total income.
Q29.
Statement I: Per capita income can be used as one basis for comparing average income across states.
Statement II: Per capita income takes population into account.
Q30.
Statement I: Comparing states only on the basis of income provides a complete measure of development.
Statement II: Development also includes dimensions such as health and education.
Topic 7: Per Capita Income
Q31.
Statement I: Per capita income is obtained by dividing total income by total population.
Statement II: It represents average income per person.
Q32.
Statement I: If total income remains constant and population rises, per capita income will fall.
Statement II: The same total income is divided among a larger number of people.
Q33.
Statement I: A state with lower total income can have higher per capita income than a state with higher total income.
Statement II: Population size influences per capita income.
Q34.
Statement I: Per capita income is an average and does not show the exact income of every individual.
Statement II: It is calculated by dividing total income by total population.
Q35.
Statement I: Per capita income takes population size into account.
Statement II: It is more useful than total income for comparing average income between places with different population sizes.
Topic 8: Limitations of Average Income
Q36.
Statement I: Average income does not show how income is distributed among people.
Statement II: Two societies can have the same average income but different levels of inequality.
Q37.
Statement I: A high per capita income necessarily means that income is equally distributed.
Statement II: Per capita income is an average and does not show the distribution of income.
Q38.
Statement I: Average income can conceal substantial inequality.
Statement II: A small number of high-income people can raise the average income of a society.
Q39.
Statement I: Per capita income is useless as a development indicator because it is an average.
Statement II: Per capita income provides useful information about average income while accounting for population size.
Q40.
Statement I: Income indicators should be considered along with other indicators of development.
Statement II: Income alone cannot describe every important aspect of people’s well-being.
Topic 9: Income and Other Indicators of Development
Q41.
Statement I: Health is an important dimension of development.
Statement II: Poor health can reduce people’s ability to live healthy and productive lives.
Q42.
Statement I: Education can be considered an important development indicator.
Statement II: Education can expand knowledge, skills and opportunities.
Q43.
Statement I: A higher per capita income automatically guarantees better health and education outcomes.
Statement II: Social outcomes can differ even when income levels are similar.
Q44.
Statement I: Several indicators can provide a broader picture of development than income alone.
Statement II: Development includes multiple dimensions of human well-being.
Q45.
Statement I: Life expectancy can provide information about the health conditions of a population.
Statement II: Life expectancy has no connection with people’s living and health conditions.
Topic 10: Public Facilities
Q46.
Statement I: Public facilities can improve people’s quality of life.
Statement II: Public facilities such as schools, hospitals, sanitation and clean water meet important human needs.
Q47.
Statement I: Public facilities can be particularly important for low-income households.
Statement II: Essential private services may not be affordable for every household.
Q48.
Statement I: The existence of private healthcare makes public healthcare unnecessary.
Statement II: Private healthcare may not be equally accessible or affordable to all people.
Q49.
Statement I: Public facilities can improve people’s well-being even when individual incomes are not very high.
Statement II: Some essential services can provide benefits to people collectively.
Q50.
Statement I: Public facilities can help reduce unequal access to essential services.
Statement II: Public provision can make important services available to people with limited purchasing power.
Topic 11: Health as an Indicator of Development
Q51.
Statement I: Health conditions can provide important information about a country’s development.
Statement II: Health is an important component of people’s well-being.
Q52.
Statement I: Two regions with similar average incomes may have different health outcomes.
Statement II: Health outcomes can also depend on healthcare, sanitation, nutrition and living conditions.
Q53.
Statement I: Increasing average income alone is sufficient to eliminate all health problems.
Statement II: Health depends on several factors apart from income.
Q54.
Statement I: Infant mortality can be used as an indicator of health conditions.
Statement II: Infant survival is influenced by healthcare, nutrition and sanitation.
Q55.
Statement I: Health should not be considered while assessing development because it is not a monetary measure.
Statement II: Development concerns people’s overall well-being and not merely their income.
Topic 12: Human Development
Q56.
Statement I: Human development focuses on improving people’s capabilities and quality of life.
Statement II: Human beings are considered central to the development process.
Q57.
Statement I: Human development is broader than economic growth measured only through income.
Statement II: Human development considers areas such as health and education along with income.
Q58.
Statement I: A country with high income must automatically have the highest level of human development.
Statement II: Human development also depends on health and education.
Q59.
Statement I: Education contributes to human development.
Statement II: Education can improve people’s knowledge, skills and opportunities.
Q60.
Statement I: Human development is concerned only with people’s material consumption.
Statement II: Human development also considers human capabilities and social well-being.
Topic 13: World Bank and UNDP Approaches
Q61.
Statement I: Per capita income is useful for income-based comparisons.
Statement II: It adjusts total income according to population size.
Q62.
Statement I: Different approaches to development may use different indicators.
Statement II: Development can be viewed through income as well as broader human well-being.
Q63.
Statement I: The human development approach is broader than an approach based only on per capita income.
Statement II: Human development considers dimensions such as health and education.
Q64.
Statement I: The use of income as an indicator means that health and education are irrelevant to development.
Statement II: Income is only one dimension of development.
Q65.
Statement I: A country’s economic performance and human development outcomes may not always move at the same pace.
Statement II: Improvements in income do not necessarily produce identical improvements in health and education.
Topic 14: Sustainability of Development
Q66.
Statement I: Development should consider the needs of future generations.
Statement II: Some natural resources are limited and can be depleted through excessive use.
Q67.
Statement I: Sustainable development requires careful use of natural resources.
Statement II: Excessive resource use can reduce the availability of resources for future generations.
Q68.
Statement I: The fastest possible use of natural resources is always desirable for development.
Statement II: Natural resources may be limited and difficult to replace.
Q69.
Statement I: Sustainable development seeks to balance present and future needs.
Statement II: Present development should not destroy the resource base required by future generations.
Q70.
Statement I: A development strategy remains sustainable even if it permanently damages essential natural resources.
Statement II: Sustainability requires consideration of long-term environmental consequences.
Topic 15: Development and Natural Resources
Q71.
Statement I: Natural resources are important inputs in many economic activities.
Statement II: Agriculture, industry and other sectors depend on resources such as land, water and energy.
Q72.
Statement I: Excessive groundwater extraction can create problems in the future.
Statement II: Groundwater may be withdrawn faster than it can naturally recharge.
Q73.
Statement I: Technological progress guarantees that all natural resources can be replaced.
Statement II: Many natural resources are limited or difficult to substitute.
Q74.
Statement I: Responsible use of natural resources is important for sustainable development.
Statement II: Natural resources are required for both present economic activity and future needs.
Q75.
Statement I: Excessive resource extraction can create a conflict between present and future interests.
Statement II: Greater use today may reduce resource availability in the future.
Topic 16: Environmental Degradation
Q76.
Statement I: Economic activities can contribute to environmental degradation.
Statement II: Production and consumption can generate pollution and put pressure on natural resources.
Q77.
Statement I: Every form of industrial growth necessarily causes the same level of environmental damage.
Statement II: Environmental impacts can depend on resource use, technology, waste management and pollution control.
Q78.
Statement I: Water pollution can result from untreated industrial and domestic waste.
Statement II: Polluted water can negatively affect human health and ecosystems.
Q79.
Statement I: Environmental degradation can reduce human well-being.
Statement II: Pollution and resource depletion can affect health, livelihoods and living conditions.
Q80.
Statement I: Environmental protection is separate from the idea of sustainable development.
Statement II: Sustainable development requires attention to long-term environmental conditions.
Topic 17: Development for Present and Future Generations
Q81.
Statement I: Present development decisions can influence the opportunities available to future generations.
Statement II: Natural resources and environmental conditions can be affected by current patterns of resource use.
Q82.
Statement I: Using limited resources rapidly may increase present consumption but reduce future opportunities.
Statement II: Excessive resource use can reduce the amount available for future generations.
Q83.
Statement I: Sustainable development involves responsibility towards future generations.
Statement II: Present generations should consider the long-term consequences of their development choices.
Q84.
Statement I: Development that improves people’s lives today but seriously reduces essential resources available to future generations cannot be considered sustainable.
Statement II: Sustainable development seeks to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Q85.
Statement I: Conservation of natural resources can support future development opportunities.
Statement II: Resources preserved today may remain available for future economic and social activities.
DETAILED ANSWER KEY WITH EXPLANATIONS
Topic 1 — What Is Development?
Q1. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect, while Statement II is correct.
Development is not limited to an increase in income. Income is important because it allows people to obtain goods and services, but development also includes education, health, security, freedom, dignity and other aspects of well-being.
Therefore, Statement I is too narrow, while Statement II correctly describes the broader meaning of development.
Q2. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Different people may define development differently because their circumstances and aspirations are not identical. For example, a farmer may prioritise irrigation, while a student may prioritise quality education.
The two statements correctly establish the relationship between individual circumstances and development goals.
Q3. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect.
Income is not irrelevant to development. It is an important material component because higher income can increase a person’s purchasing capacity.
Statement II is correct because higher income can enable people to obtain more goods and services.
Q4. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Development is called multidimensional because it includes several dimensions of human life. Income, health, education, security, dignity and freedom can all contribute to people’s well-being.
Therefore, development cannot be represented by a single economic measure.
Q5. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect because higher income does not guarantee improvement in every aspect of life.
Statement II is correct. Income is important, but it does not by itself tell us about health, education, security, environmental quality or dignity.
This is a fundamental reason why development cannot be measured through income alone.
Topic 2 — Different People, Different Development Goals
Q6. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
People have different circumstances, occupations, needs and aspirations. Consequently, their ideas about what constitutes a better life can differ.
Development is therefore not a fixed concept that has exactly the same meaning for every individual.
Q7. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
For a farmer, water availability is directly connected with agricultural production. Reliable irrigation can reduce dependence on uncertain rainfall and support farming activity.
Therefore, irrigation can reasonably be an important development goal for a farmer.
Q8. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Education can increase knowledge and skills and may improve future opportunities. Consequently, a student may reasonably consider access to quality education an important development goal.
Q9. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect.
There is no requirement that every person must have identical development goals. People differ in their economic and social circumstances.
Statement II is correct because different circumstances can lead people to attach different importance to different goals.
Q10. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect.
Development goals are not determined only by income. People may also value freedom, security, dignity, equal treatment, job security and good working conditions.
Statement II is correct because these non-income factors can influence people’s understanding of development.
Topic 3 — Conflicting Development Goals
Q11. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Development projects often create both benefits and costs. For example, a large project may create electricity and employment while affecting the land or livelihood of some communities.
Therefore, the distribution of benefits and costs is important when evaluating development.
Q12. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
A dam can provide irrigation and electricity, but its construction may also require land and cause displacement.
Thus, the same project can produce different outcomes for different groups.
Q13. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
When different groups have different interests, their development goals may conflict. A project that creates economic benefits for one group may impose costs on another.
This is why development decisions often involve choices and trade-offs.
Q14. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect.
An increase in total production does not automatically mean that everyone affected by a project benefits. Distribution of benefits matters.
Statement II is correct because economic gains may be unevenly distributed.
Q15. Answer: (C)
Statement I is correct, but Statement II is incorrect.
Development decisions can involve trade-offs because different groups may have different interests.
However, it is incorrect to say that every development decision produces identical benefits for all sections of society. In reality, the effects can vary considerably.
Topic 4 — Income and Other Goals
Q16. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Income is a material goal because it enables people to purchase goods and services. It can therefore contribute significantly to their standard of living.
Q17. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Even when a person’s income is satisfactory, they may still seek safety, respect, freedom and dignity.
This demonstrates that development includes both material and non-material aspects.
Q18. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect.
Two people with the same income may have very different living conditions. One may have access to good healthcare and education while the other may not.
Statement II correctly identifies why income alone cannot determine well-being.
Q19. Answer: (C)
Statement I is correct.
Freedom and dignity can certainly be development goals.
Statement II is incorrect because development goals are not limited to material possessions. Non-material goals are also important.
Q20. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
People may seek material benefits such as income and goods, but they may simultaneously seek non-material benefits such as dignity, freedom and security.
This illustrates the multidimensional nature of development.
Topic 5 — National Development
Q21. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
A country’s development cannot be assessed only by changes in national income. The well-being of its population, including health, education, opportunities and living conditions, is also relevant.
Q22. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect.
A rise in national income does not automatically satisfy the development goals of every citizen.
Statement II is correct because different groups may have different priorities. A policy beneficial to one group may not address the concerns of another.
Q23. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
National development affects different groups differently. Therefore, development decisions need to consider the interests and conditions of different sections of society.
Q24. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect.
Economic growth and human well-being do not necessarily improve at exactly the same rate.
Statement II is correct because economic progress does not automatically guarantee equal improvement in health, education, security or other dimensions.
Q25. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
National development is broader than simply increasing national income. Health, education, opportunities and living conditions are also important.
Topic 6 — Comparing Different Countries or States
Q26. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Total income can be misleading when comparing states because states differ in population size. A larger state may have greater total income simply because it has more people.
Therefore, an appropriate common indicator is useful.
Q27. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect.
A state with higher total income does not necessarily have higher average income. Its population may be much larger.
Statement II is correct because average income depends on both total income and population.
Q28. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Because states differ in population and income, a common measure helps make comparisons more meaningful. Per capita income is one such measure for comparing average income.
Q29. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Per capita income provides an average income measure after taking population into account. This makes it useful when comparing different states or countries.
Q30. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect.
Income comparison alone cannot provide a complete measure of development.
Statement II is correct because health, education and other dimensions also matter.
Topic 7 — Per Capita Income
Q31. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
The formula is:
Per Capita Income = Total Income ÷ Total Population
The result represents the average income per person.
Q32. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
If total income remains unchanged while population increases, the denominator in the calculation becomes larger. Consequently, per capita income decreases.
Q33. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Per capita income depends on both total income and population. Therefore, a smaller economy with a much smaller population can have higher per capita income than a larger economy.
Q34. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Per capita income is an average and therefore does not tell us exactly how much each individual earns.
It is calculated using total income and total population, which confirms its average nature.
Q35. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Population size is directly included in the calculation of per capita income. Therefore, it is more informative than total income when comparing average income between places with different population sizes.
However, it should not be treated as a complete measure of development.
Topic 8 — Limitations of Average Income
Q36. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Average income tells us the income per person on average, but it does not show who receives how much.
Two societies may have identical average income but very different levels of inequality.
Q37. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect.
A high per capita income does not mean that income is equally distributed.
Statement II is correct because per capita income is an average measure and does not reveal the distribution of income.
Q38. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Suppose a society has a small group earning extremely high incomes while many people earn relatively little. The high incomes can raise the average.
Thus, average income can conceal inequality.
Q39. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect.
The fact that per capita income is an average does not make it useless. It remains useful for comparing average income across places.
Statement II is correct.
Q40. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Income is important but incomplete as a measure of development. Health, education, public facilities, security and other aspects also matter.
Therefore, income indicators should be used along with other development indicators.
Topic 9 — Income and Other Indicators of Development
Q41. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Good health is essential for human well-being. Poor health can limit a person’s ability to study, work and participate fully in social and economic life.
Therefore, health is an important dimension of development.
Q42. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Education develops knowledge and skills and can expand opportunities. Therefore, it is an important component of development.
Q43. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect.
Higher per capita income does not automatically guarantee better health and education outcomes.
Statement II is correct because social outcomes can vary even among regions with similar or higher income levels.
Q44. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Development has multiple dimensions. Therefore, using several indicators gives a broader and more meaningful understanding than using income alone.
Q45. Answer: (C)
Statement I is correct.
Life expectancy can provide useful information about the health and living conditions of a population.
Statement II is incorrect because life expectancy is related to health and living conditions.
Topic 10 — Public Facilities
Q46. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Public facilities such as schools, hospitals, sanitation and clean water support basic human needs and can significantly improve quality of life.
Q47. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Low-income households may not be able to purchase expensive private services. Public facilities can therefore improve access to essential services.
Q48. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect.
Private healthcare does not make public healthcare unnecessary. Private services may be unaffordable or inaccessible for many people.
Statement II is correct.
Q49. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Some public services benefit people collectively. For example, sanitation and clean water can improve health across an entire community.
Therefore, development can improve even without a proportionate rise in every individual’s income.
Q50. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Public provision can make essential services available to people who have limited purchasing power. This can reduce inequality in access.
Topic 11 — Health as an Indicator of Development
Q51. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Health is a fundamental component of human well-being. Therefore, health conditions provide useful information about the level of development of a society.
Q52. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Income is only one factor influencing health. Healthcare facilities, nutrition, sanitation and living conditions can also affect health outcomes.
Q53. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect.
Higher income alone cannot eliminate every health problem.
Statement II is correct because health depends on several factors, including healthcare, nutrition, sanitation and living conditions.
Q54. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Infant mortality is closely connected with health conditions. Factors such as healthcare, nutrition and sanitation can influence infant survival.
Therefore, infant mortality can provide useful information about health conditions.
Q55. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect.
Health is an important part of development even though it is not a monetary measure.
Statement II is correct because development concerns overall human well-being.
Topic 12 — Human Development
Q56. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Human development places people at the centre of development. The objective is not merely to produce more income but to improve people’s capabilities and quality of life.
Q57. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Human development is broader than economic growth because it includes health, education and income.
Q58. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect.
High income does not automatically result in the highest level of human development.
Statement II is correct because health and education are also important dimensions of human development.
Q59. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Education increases knowledge and skills and can expand people’s opportunities. Therefore, it contributes to human development.
Q60. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect.
Human development is not limited to material consumption.
Statement II is correct because human development also concerns capabilities, education, health and social well-being.
Topic 13 — World Bank and UNDP Approaches
Q61. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Per capita income is useful for income-based comparisons because it adjusts total income according to population size.
Q62. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Different approaches can focus on different aspects of development. An income-based approach gives importance to income, while the human development approach considers broader aspects of well-being.
Q63. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
The human development approach considers health and education in addition to income. Therefore, it is broader than an approach based only on per capita income.
Q64. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect.
Using income as an indicator does not mean health and education are irrelevant.
Statement II is correct because income represents only one dimension of development.
Q65. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
A country’s income may rise without health and education improving at exactly the same rate. Therefore, economic and human development outcomes can move differently.
Topic 14 — Sustainability of Development
Q66. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Some natural resources are limited. If they are used excessively today, less may remain for future generations.
Therefore, development must consider future needs.
Q67. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Responsible resource use is essential because excessive use can reduce the resources available to future generations.
This is a central principle of sustainable development.
Q68. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect.
Using natural resources as quickly as possible is not necessarily desirable. Excessive use can lead to depletion.
Statement II is correct because many natural resources are limited or difficult to replace.
Q69. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Sustainable development seeks to meet present needs without destroying the resource base required for future generations.
Q70. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect.
Permanent damage to essential natural resources is inconsistent with sustainability.
Statement II is correct because sustainable development requires consideration of long-term environmental consequences.
Topic 15 — Development and Natural Resources
Q71. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Natural resources such as land, water, forests, minerals and energy are important inputs in many economic activities.
Q72. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
If groundwater is extracted faster than its natural recharge rate, groundwater levels can decline and create long-term problems.
Q73. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect.
Technology cannot guarantee a complete replacement for every natural resource.
Statement II is correct because many resources are finite or difficult to substitute.
Q74. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Natural resources are required for current production and consumption as well as future development. Therefore, responsible use is essential.
Q75. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Excessive extraction may provide immediate benefits but reduce future availability. This creates a possible conflict between present and future interests.
Topic 16 — Environmental Degradation
Q76. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Production and consumption can generate pollution and increase pressure on natural resources. Therefore, economic activity can contribute to environmental degradation.
Q77. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect.
Industrial growth does not necessarily produce the same environmental impact in every situation. Technology, resource efficiency, waste management and pollution controls can influence the outcome.
Statement II is correct.
Q78. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Untreated waste can contaminate water sources. Polluted water can then harm human health and aquatic ecosystems.
Therefore, the two statements are logically connected.
Q79. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Environmental degradation can damage health, livelihoods and living conditions. Therefore, environmental quality is directly connected with human well-being.
Q80. Answer: (D)
Statement I is incorrect.
Environmental protection is closely connected with sustainable development.
Statement II is correct because sustainable development requires consideration of long-term environmental conditions.
Topic 17 — Development for Present and Future Generations
Q81. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Today’s resource-use decisions can influence the resources and environmental conditions available to future generations.
Therefore, development needs an intergenerational perspective.
Q82. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Rapid use of limited resources may increase present consumption but reduce future availability.
This is one of the central concerns of sustainable development.
Q83. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Sustainable development requires present generations to consider the long-term effects of their decisions on future generations.
Q84. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
A development process cannot be called sustainable if it improves present living conditions by seriously destroying the resources required by future generations.
The second statement expresses the central idea of sustainable development: present needs should be met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Q85. Answer: (A)
Both statements are correct.
Conserving natural resources today can keep them available for future economic and social activities. Therefore, conservation can help preserve future development opportunities.
FINAL ANSWER KEY — QUICK REVISION
| Q. | Ans. | Q. | Ans. | Q. | Ans. | Q. | Ans. | Q. | Ans. |
| 1 | D | 18 | D | 35 | A | 52 | A | 69 | A |
| 2 | A | 19 | C | 36 | A | 53 | D | 70 | D |
| 3 | D | 20 | A | 37 | D | 54 | A | 71 | A |
| 4 | A | 21 | A | 38 | A | 55 | D | 72 | A |
| 5 | D | 22 | D | 39 | D | 56 | A | 73 | D |
| 6 | A | 23 | A | 40 | A | 57 | A | 74 | A |
| 7 | A | 24 | D | 41 | A | 58 | D | 75 | A |
| 8 | A | 25 | A | 42 | A | 59 | A | 76 | A |
| 9 | D | 26 | A | 43 | D | 60 | D | 77 | D |
| 10 | D | 27 | D | 44 | A | 61 | A | 78 | A |
| 11 | A | 28 | A | 45 | C | 62 | A | 79 | A |
| 12 | A | 29 | A | 46 | A | 63 | A | 80 | D |
| 13 | A | 30 | D | 47 | A | 64 | D | 81 | A |
| 14 | D | 31 | A | 48 | D | 65 | A | 82 | A |
| 15 | C | 32 | A | 49 | A | 66 | A | 83 | A |
| 16 | A | 33 | A | 50 | A | 67 | A | 84 | A |
| 17 | A | 34 | A | 51 | A | 68 | D | 85 | A |